Vaporwave began as a micro-genre of electronic music around 2010-2011, built on slowed-down samples of 80s and 90s smooth jazz, elevator music, and corporate hold music. Artists like Macintosh Plus and SAINT PEPSI turned forgotten consumer culture into something hauntingly beautiful.
The visual aesthetic followed the music. Album covers pulled from early internet clip art, Greek statuary, Japanese kanji, pastel sunsets, and the chrome-and-marble fantasy of a shopping mall that exists outside of time. By 2014, it had become one of the most recognizable internet aesthetics — a strange loop where the internet mourned its own lost innocence.
On the web, vaporwave translates to gradient-drenched layouts, glitch typography, and deliberate anachronism. It's one of the few aesthetics that is explicitly about nostalgia as a design principle. Its children include synthwave (which took the neon and made it cooler) and Y2K (which shares the retro-digital palette but aims for optimism over melancholy).