Data visualization has deeper roots than most web aesthetics. William Playfair invented the bar chart in 1786 and the pie chart in 1801. Florence Nightingale used polar area diagrams to convince Parliament to improve military hospital conditions. Charles Joseph Minard mapped Napoleon's Russian campaign in what Tufte called "the best statistical graphic ever drawn."
Edward Tufte's 1983 book "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" codified the principles that still guide data viz today: maximize data-ink ratio, avoid chartjunk, show the data. On the web, D3.js (2011) democratized interactive visualization, while tools like Tableau and Google Data Studio brought dashboard culture to every business team.
The modern data viz aesthetic on the web crystallized through Google's Material Design charts, Stripe's dashboard, and the proliferation of SaaS analytics tools. It is now one of the most common interface patterns on the internet — not because it is trendy, but because it works. When the goal is understanding, this is what understanding looks like.